In this work he discusses the sex ratio at birth; beginning with an exposition of past theories, he proceeds through existing statistical information, new hypotheses suggested by this material, and verifiable consequences to be drawn from these hypotheses to a final check of theory against the statistical data. The outline of the work is simple and straight, its information complete, its methodology limpid and its technical means perfect. At this early stage, Gini already showed himself in full mastery of the kind of statistical information on which descriptive statistics rest, as well as of the calculus of probabilities, which is one of the most important tools of statistical research. Italian mathematicians at that time still looked askance at the calculus of probabilities; Gini studied Bernoulli, Lexis and Czuber, as well as the masters of Italian statistics, Bodio, Messedaglia and Benini. Thus he acquired direct and profound knowledge of a subject which he took all the more seriously for regarding it as an approach to the solution of practical problems. Practical problems were always the stimulus for Gini's methodological work, which he developed in an original, systematic and rigorous manner and which remained one of his most enduring preoccupations throughout his life. In 191O he acceded to the Chair of Statistics in the University of Cagliari, and the period between then and the end of the First World War saw his most important contributions to statistical science, which he enriched by many valuable new techniques of measurement.
In later years Gini was reproached for not having developed the mathematical theory of his new indices. Mathematicians who devote themselves to statistics are not satisfied with his coefficients and have a lot of difficulties with them, and it is true that they are often awkward to handle both from a theoretical and from a practical point of view. But absolute values are no less useful for yielding non-analytic functions, and if the mathematicians can appreciate only what is easy from the formal point of view, that's their outlook. Gini was not the man to sacrifice substance to the requirements of formal techniques, nor did he ever take any interest in the formal extensions which are the mathematician's delight, and least of all in extensions into abstract fields irrelevant for applications to empirical material.

The international statistic journal METRON which Gini founded in 1920 and directed until his death, like Biometrika under Pearson, never accepted articles without practical applications. It is these which distinguish a work of theoretical statistics an exercise in mathematics, and for the statistician mathematics are simply a tool of his trade and of no interest as such.
During and after the First World War Gini became more and more involved in the social and economic problems of war and reconstruction, such as war losses, raw material supplies, national wealth and income, economic depression and inflation. These interests were connected with an already brilliant career, for by that time he was an adviser to the Italian Government and a League of Nations expert, and known the world over. Between 1917 and 1925 he was a member of numerous Italian and international committees dealing with such problems as raw material supplies, the measurement of income and wealth in members states of the League of Nations, labour, child care, settlement of war debts, etc. But Gini never allowed all these occupations to detract him from his theoretical work, which, on the contrary, drew new inspiration from his practical interests and was guided by them into fruitful directions. In I9I3 Gini took over the Chair of Statistics in the University of Padua. In I9I9 he received the Royal Prize for Social Sciences from the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Bv that time he was lecturing at the Universities of Cagliari and Padua on Political Economy, Constitutional Law, Demography and Economic Statistics. Beginning in 1911 he was a member of the Consiglio Superiore di Statistica.

His move to the University of Rome in 1923 marked the beginning of a nine-year period when his public activities reached their peak.
At the University, he founded a lecture course on sociology, which he maintained until his retirement; set up the School of Statistics, in 1928, to train statistical personnel for public office, and, in 1936, the Faculty of Statistical, Demographic and Actuarial Sciences. This latter was a protagonist of daringly novel views far in advance of their time; in Italy, it had to wait until 1950 for a spectacular growth which by now has raised the number of students to more than 2,500, and abroad it became an early precursor of all the recent schools of operational research modelled on its present structure, including the brand-new Department of Demography established this year at the University of California.

In 1929 Gini founded the Italian Committee for the Study of Population Problems (Comitato italiano per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione) which, two years later, organized in Rome the first Population Congress, to be followed, after the Second World War, by a series of international population congresses under the auspices of the United Nations and of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. The Committee's research programme was based on a very broad concept of demography, which encompassed the relationship of demographic phenomena with the physical environment as well as all their other biological, economic and social aspects. The Committee survived all the postwar difficulties thanks to the extraordinary interest aroused by its work, and the its high quality up to the war; the main achievements to its credit are the publication of a series of volumes of source material, Fonti Archivistiche per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione fino al 1943, and the scientific expeditions for the study of isolated population groups, which Gini, as President, organized and directed. Today, the Committee's official journal is still Genus, which Gini founded in I934.

Another journal which owed its origin to Gini was La Vita Economica Italiana; this was founded in 1926, recorded current economic developments until the war and closed down in 1943. Corrado Gini was elected to membership in a large number of scientific academies in Italy and abroad; he taught and lectured at many of the major universities in Europe as well in the United States, Japan, India and Latin America. Honorary degrees were conferred upon him in Economics by the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan (1932), in Sociology by the University of Geneva (1934), in Sciences by Harvard University (1936), and in Social Sciences by the University of Cordoba, Argentine (1963).
In 1926 Gini was appointed President of the Central Institute of Statistics in Rome. He organized it as a single, co-ordinating centre for all the official statistical services of Italy and raised it to a high level of technical excellence and productivity. But times were changing, and Gini's independent and impatient spirit would brook no interference with his work: he resigned in I932.
New honours were to come. In 1933 Gini was elected vicepresident of the International Sociological Institute, in 1934 president of the Italian Genetics and Eugenics Society, in I935 president of the International Federation of Eugenics Societies in Latin-language Countries, in 1937 president of the Italian Sociological Society, in 1941 president of the Italian Statistical Society; in I957 he received the Gold Medal for outstanding service to the Italian School, and in I962 he was elected National Member of the Accademia dei Lincei.
Gini was one of the most distinguished and also one of the most active members of the International Statistical Institute, of which he became an honorary member in 1939.
Corrado Gini died in the early hours of 13 March 1965.